Cell Structure and Function

 Genetic Info. & Production of Proteins
Nucleus
- (nuclear membrane/envelope) is a double membrane perforated by pores, allowing the transport of info/materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
- (nucleolus) is a dense structure responsible for the production of ribosomal RNA, and combines them with proteins to produce ribosomes. 
- (chromatin) the genetic information of the cell containing the code for protein production.

Ribosomes - composed of protein and ribosomal RNA,  synthesis of proteins by combining amino acid monomers into correct combination.

Endomembrane system
The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performed metabolic functions within the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum 
 - (rough) attached with ribosomes, the rough ER aids in the production of proteins and produce carbohydrates in order to make glycoproteins.
- (smooth) the smooth ER take place in lipid synthesis, metabolism of carbohydrates, storage of Ca ions, and detoxification of drugs and poisons. 

Golgi Apparatus - these will modify proteins, glycoproteins, and phospholipids produced by the ER and package them in small vesicles for transport within/out of the cell.

Lysosome - Breaks down ingested substances, and the recycling of damaged organelles.

Vacuole - Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, and cell growth.

Energy Transformation
Mitochondria - bounded by a double membrane, where cellular respiration occurs, providing energy for the cell.

Chloroplast (plants) - transforms light energy to produce glucose as a reactant in cellular respiration 

Peroxisome - specialized metabolic compartment, contains enzyme that breaks down peroxide into water and oxygen

Others
Plasma Membrane - the outer most membrane of the cell made up of phospholipid bilayer, controls the transportation of materials in/out of the cell


Cytoskeleton - reinforces cell's shape, cell's movement. Includes: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. 


Flagellum - a tail like structure on the cell that helps in the cell's movement


Centrosome - composed of 2 centrioles, produces spindle fibres that attaches the the centromeres of sister chromotids during cell division


Microvilli -  projections on the plasma member that increases the surface area of the cell.